What are the key elements of protocols?
The key elements of protocols are
a. Syntax
It refers to the structure or format of the data, that is the order in which they are presented.
b. Semantics
It refers to the meaning of each section of bits.
c. Timing
Timing refers to two characteristics: When data should be sent and how fast they can be sent.
What are the key design issues of a computer Network?
a. Connectivity
b. Cost-effective Resource Sharing
c. Support for common Services
d. Performance
Define Bandwidth and Latency?
Network performance is measured in Bandwidth (throughput) and Latency (Delay). Bandwidth of a network
is given by the number of bits that can be transmitted over the network in a certain period of time.
Latency corresponds to how long it t5akes a message to travel from one end off a network to the other.
It is strictly measured in terms of time.
Define Routing?
The process of determining systematically hoe to forward messages toward the destination nodes based on
its address is called routing.
What is a peer-peer process?
The processes on each machine that communicate at a given layer are called peer-peer process.
When a switch is said to be congested?
It is possible that a switch receives packets faster than the shared link can accommodate and stores in
its memory, for an extended period of time, then the switch will eventually run out of buffer space, and
some packets will have to be dropped and in this state is said to congested state.
What is semantic gap?
Defining a useful channel involves both understanding the applications requirements and recognizing the
limitations of the underlying technology. The gap between what applications expects and what the underlying
technology can provide is called semantic gap.
What is Round Trip Time?
The duration of time it takes to send a message from one end of a network to the other and back, is called RTT.
Define the terms Unicasting, Multiccasting and Broadcasting?
If the message is sent from a source to a single destination node, it is called Unicasting.
If the message is sent to some subset of other nodes, it is called Multicasting.
If the message is sent to all the m nodes in the network it is called Broadcasting.
What is Multiplexing?
Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a
single data link.
Name the categories of Multiplexing?
a. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
b. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
i. Synchronous TDM
ii. ASynchronous TDM Or Statistical TDM.
c. Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM)
What is FDM?
FDM is an analog technique that can be applied when the bandwidth of a link is greater than the combined bandwidths of the signals to be transmitted.
The key elements of protocols are
a. Syntax
It refers to the structure or format of the data, that is the order in which they are presented.
b. Semantics
It refers to the meaning of each section of bits.
c. Timing
Timing refers to two characteristics: When data should be sent and how fast they can be sent.
What are the key design issues of a computer Network?
a. Connectivity
b. Cost-effective Resource Sharing
c. Support for common Services
d. Performance
Define Bandwidth and Latency?
Network performance is measured in Bandwidth (throughput) and Latency (Delay). Bandwidth of a network
is given by the number of bits that can be transmitted over the network in a certain period of time.
Latency corresponds to how long it t5akes a message to travel from one end off a network to the other.
It is strictly measured in terms of time.
Define Routing?
The process of determining systematically hoe to forward messages toward the destination nodes based on
its address is called routing.
What is a peer-peer process?
The processes on each machine that communicate at a given layer are called peer-peer process.
When a switch is said to be congested?
It is possible that a switch receives packets faster than the shared link can accommodate and stores in
its memory, for an extended period of time, then the switch will eventually run out of buffer space, and
some packets will have to be dropped and in this state is said to congested state.
What is semantic gap?
Defining a useful channel involves both understanding the applications requirements and recognizing the
limitations of the underlying technology. The gap between what applications expects and what the underlying
technology can provide is called semantic gap.
What is Round Trip Time?
The duration of time it takes to send a message from one end of a network to the other and back, is called RTT.
Define the terms Unicasting, Multiccasting and Broadcasting?
If the message is sent from a source to a single destination node, it is called Unicasting.
If the message is sent to some subset of other nodes, it is called Multicasting.
If the message is sent to all the m nodes in the network it is called Broadcasting.
What is Multiplexing?
Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a
single data link.
Name the categories of Multiplexing?
a. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
b. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
i. Synchronous TDM
ii. ASynchronous TDM Or Statistical TDM.
c. Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM)
What is FDM?
FDM is an analog technique that can be applied when the bandwidth of a link is greater than the combined bandwidths of the signals to be transmitted.
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