List the steps involved in creating the checksum.
a. Divide the data into sections
b. Add the sections together using 1's complement arithmetic
c. Take the complement of the final sum, this is the checksum.
What are the Data link protocols?
Data link protocols are sets of specifications used to implement the data link layer.
The categories of Data Link protocols are
1. Asynchronous Protocols
2. Synchronous Protocols
a. Character Oriented Protocols
b. Bit Oriented protocols
Compare Error Detection and Error Correction:
The correction of errors is more difficult than the detection. In error detection, checks
only any error has occurred. In error correction, the exact number of bits that are corrupted
and location in the message are known. The number of the errors and the size of the message
are important factors.
What is Forward Error Correction?
Forward error correction is the process in which the receiver tries to guess the message by
using redundant bits.
Define Retransmission?
Retransmission is a technique in which the receiver detects the occurrence of an error and asks
the sender to resend the message. Resending is repeated until a message arrives that the receiver
believes is error-freed.
What are Data Words?
In block coding, we divide our message into blocks, each of k bits, called data words. The block
coding process is one-to-one. The same data word is always encoded as the same code word.
What are Code Words?
"r" redundant bits are added to each block to make the length n = k + r. The resulting n-bit blocks
are called code words. 2n - 2k code words that are not used. These code words are invalid or illegal.
What is a Linear Block Code?
A linear block code is a code in which the exclusive OR (addition modulo-2) of two valid codewords
creates another valid codeword.
What are Cyclic Codes?
Cyclic codes are special linear block codes with one extra property. In a cyclic code, if a code word
is cyclically shifted (rotated), the result is another code word.
Define Encoder?
A device or program that uses predefined algorithms to encode, or compress audio or video data for
storage or transmission use. A circuit that is used to convert between digital video and analog video.
Define Decoder?
A device or program that translates encoded data into its original format (e.g. it decodes the data).
The term is often used in reference to MPEG-2 video and sound data, which must be decoded before it
is output.
What is Framing?
Framing in the data link layer separates a message from one source to a destination, or from other
messages to other destinations, by adding a sender address and a destination address. The destination
address defines where the packet has to go and the sender address helps the recipient acknowledge
the receipt.
a. Divide the data into sections
b. Add the sections together using 1's complement arithmetic
c. Take the complement of the final sum, this is the checksum.
What are the Data link protocols?
Data link protocols are sets of specifications used to implement the data link layer.
The categories of Data Link protocols are
1. Asynchronous Protocols
2. Synchronous Protocols
a. Character Oriented Protocols
b. Bit Oriented protocols
Compare Error Detection and Error Correction:
The correction of errors is more difficult than the detection. In error detection, checks
only any error has occurred. In error correction, the exact number of bits that are corrupted
and location in the message are known. The number of the errors and the size of the message
are important factors.
What is Forward Error Correction?
Forward error correction is the process in which the receiver tries to guess the message by
using redundant bits.
Define Retransmission?
Retransmission is a technique in which the receiver detects the occurrence of an error and asks
the sender to resend the message. Resending is repeated until a message arrives that the receiver
believes is error-freed.
What are Data Words?
In block coding, we divide our message into blocks, each of k bits, called data words. The block
coding process is one-to-one. The same data word is always encoded as the same code word.
What are Code Words?
"r" redundant bits are added to each block to make the length n = k + r. The resulting n-bit blocks
are called code words. 2n - 2k code words that are not used. These code words are invalid or illegal.
What is a Linear Block Code?
A linear block code is a code in which the exclusive OR (addition modulo-2) of two valid codewords
creates another valid codeword.
What are Cyclic Codes?
Cyclic codes are special linear block codes with one extra property. In a cyclic code, if a code word
is cyclically shifted (rotated), the result is another code word.
Define Encoder?
A device or program that uses predefined algorithms to encode, or compress audio or video data for
storage or transmission use. A circuit that is used to convert between digital video and analog video.
Define Decoder?
A device or program that translates encoded data into its original format (e.g. it decodes the data).
The term is often used in reference to MPEG-2 video and sound data, which must be decoded before it
is output.
What is Framing?
Framing in the data link layer separates a message from one source to a destination, or from other
messages to other destinations, by adding a sender address and a destination address. The destination
address defines where the packet has to go and the sender address helps the recipient acknowledge
the receipt.
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